VERBS

  • Verbs describe actions, states, or occurrences.
  • A verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
  • The most distinctive property of lexical verbs is their inflection.  For example “…ed” marks past tense.
  • The form of verbs can be described by:
    • mood = indicative (normal), imperative, subjunctive.
    • modality = modal auxiliary (can,  will etc.)
    • tense (present/past)
    • aspect (perfect/continuous),
    • voice (passive/active)
    • number (singular/plural)
    • person (first: I, second: you, third: he etc.)
  • A verb can be the ‘head’ verb in a verb phrase: “might have been seen.”  The particular head verb largely determines what else is allowed in the clause.  For example, “I see you”, I look at you”

-IES suffix

Most words ending -ies are plural nouns.  Here are the most common examples put into a paragraph: The list of most frequent plural nouns reveals a diverse range of topics and concepts. Companies play a pivotal role in the global economy, driving innovation and providing employment opportunities. Activities encompass a wide array of interests and […]

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past + singular noun

It is very possible to have a noun after a past participle. 1 TAKEN (VVN) PLACE (NN1) 57019 2 TAKEN (VVN) CARE (NN1) 52472 3 TAKEN (VVN) ADVANTAGE (NN1) 15507 4 MADE (VVN) PUBLIC (NN1_JJ_RR@) 14502 5 ELECTED (VVN_JJ@) PRESIDENT (NN1) 10852 6 TAKEN (VVN) PART (NN1) 9235 7 BUILT (VVN) ENVIRONMENT (NN1) 7734 8

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BE + *ed + PREPOSITION

The word with an ‘-ed’ ending is usually a past particple.  The adjective exceptions such as ‘interested’,’involved’,’used to’ are rarer. 1 IS BASED (VVN) ON 327426 The system is based on the rules of a building. The Matrix Reloaded 2 BE (VBI) USED (VVN) FOR (IF) 273383 3 ARE (VBR) INTERESTED (JJ) IN (II) 192417 4 BE (VBI) USED (VVN) IN (II)

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LONG

A search in iWeb for the part of speech of ‘long’: 1 LONG (JJ) 3552089 adjective 2 LONG (RR) 1695369 adverb   5 LONG (CS32) 727692 B2 complex subordinating conjunction: He says he‘s waited as long as he can for Batman to do the right thing. 6 LONG (RR22) 93610 C1 complex adverbial phrase ‘for long’ But if it went wrong, I would not want to live like that for long. 9 LONG (VVI) 48001 verb 14 LONG

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VERB + NOUN + VERB

It seems impossible to find a lexical base verb after lexical verb + noun. 1 GET (VVI) THINGS (NN2) DONE (VDN) 15273 2 MAKE (VVI) ENDS (NN2) MEET (VVI) 12084 3 GETTING (VVG) THINGS (NN2) DONE (VDN) 7515 4 LET (VVI) PEOPLE (NN) KNOW (VVI) 6309 5 HAVING (VHG) TROUBLE (NN1) GETTING (VVG) 6301 6

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verb + general ADVERB + indefinite article + noun phrase

A search in iWeb corpus for: _V _RR _AT1 1 IS ALSO A 431112 It is also a legal requirement in most countries,  but above everything else,  it helps every business and every organization become more inclusive.   2 IS (VBZ) JUST (RR) A (AT1) 186187 3 IS (VBZ) STILL (RR) A (AT1) 126059 4 IS (VBZ) ALWAYS (RR) A (AT1) 99232 5 WAS (VBDZ) ALSO (RR) A (AT1) 98531 6 ‘S (VBZ) JUST (RR)

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SO MUCH | A LOT adverbial phrases in end position

The text discusses the use of “so much” and “a lot” as adverbs of degree in English grammar. These phrases modify verbs to indicate a high degree or intensity of an action. For example, in the sentence “You bother me a lot”, “a lot” intensifies the verb “bother”. Similarly, in “He loved it so much that he continued to show up every week”, “so much” intensifies “loved” and the phrase “so much that” establishes a cause-effect relationship between the high degree of love and the action of showing up every week.

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lexical verb + general adverb

Here’s an idiomatic and advanced example of a lexical verb followed by an adverb: I think I‘ve always had a talent for painting and drawing. I think it‘s something that came naturally. listen It is much rarer to follow a lexical verb by a general adverb than a preposition or adverb of degree. In this search in iWeb corpus, we have removed results that do not match the criteria or

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lexical verb + degree adverb

Following a lexical verb with a degree adverb is possible but much rarer than following a lexical verb with a preposition and a little rarer than following a lexical verb with a general adverb. Here we have kept the results with _VV _RG 11 TAKES ABOUT 36989 All in all, the process takes about a month, give or take. listen 12 LOOKS VERY 34563

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lexical verb + preposition

A search in iWeb corpus for: _VV _II sometimes catches past participles that might be considered adjectives. *doesn’t include ‘with’ and ‘for’ 1 BASED ON 2713989 2 KNOWN AS 1156665 This is what is known as a precautionary measure. listen 3 COMES TO 937726 4 COMPARED TO 832204 5 LOOKING AT 822174 6 GO TO 800246 (two verb forms) 7 GO

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n’t

Here is the ranked frequency of contracted ‘NOT’ in iWeb corpus: _V n’t 1 DON’T 8794067 2 CAN’T 2949838 3 DOESN’T 2921306 4 DIDN’T 2857442 5 ISN’T 1917031 6 WON’T 1605476 7 WASN’T 1225689 8 WOULDN’T 963740 9 AREN’T 912023 10 COULDN’T 867686 11 HAVEN’T 835010 12 SHOULDN’T 385701 13 HASN’T 367136 14 WEREN’T 315174

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