LEFT
1 LEFT (VVN) 825113 2 LEFT (JJ) 812850 3 LEFT (VVD) 655523 11 LEFT (RL) 75837 15 LEFT (NN1) 38688
VVN
The CLAWS7 tag:
VVN
refers to a past participle of lexical VERB (given, worked)
- Past particles are used in forming the perfect and passive forms or can be used as adjectives.
- A participle is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
BE + *WN word ending
After ‘BE’, a word ending with ‘wn’ is usually past participle. Some exceptions are ‘known’ (where it might be an adjective) ‘down’, ‘brown’, ‘well-known’ and ‘unknown’. 1 IS KNOWN 377649 Unfortunately, that is what is known as a conflict of interest. listen 2 ARE KNOWN 143646 3 IS (VBZ) SHOWN (VVN) 130843 4 BEEN SHOWN 110513 It has not been shown to the court‘s satisfaction that these particular Africans fit that description.
BE + *WN word ending Read More »
BE + -ught word ending
There are only a few in a hundred times that ought does not mark a past particple after a form of the ‘BE’ verb. 1 BE (VBI) BROUGHT (VVN) 83149 2 WAS (VBDZ) BROUGHT (VVN) 73072 3 IS (VBZ) THOUGHT (VVN) 64778 4 BE (VBI) TAUGHT (VVN) 43927 5 IS (VBZ) BROUGHT (VVN) 42006 6
BE + -ught word ending Read More »
-N present perfect suffix
have + any word ending in -N is mostly the past particple. 1 HAVE (VH0) BEEN (VBN) 4654731 2 HAVE (VHI) BEEN (VBN) 1747554 3 HAVE (VH0) AN (AT1) 717741 4 HAVE (VHI) AN (AT1) 535041 5 HAVE (VH0) SEEN (VVN) 392450 6 HAVE (VH0) TAKEN (VVN) 185129 7 HAVE (VH0) IN (II) 155754 8
-N present perfect suffix Read More »
was | were + being + PAST PARTICIPLE
B2 PASSIVE PAST CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE
English Grammar Profile
was | were + being + PAST PARTICIPLE Read More »
modal + passive
Here are two B2 points in the English Grammar Profile in the category of PASSIVES: Point 31 is with modal verbs to evaluate or summarise Point 14 is defined as: the passive with modal verbs in a range of contexts, with a variety of subjects. Here’s a list on iWeb corpus of _nn _vm be
can’t have past participle
In the English Grammar Profile, C1 point 188 in the category of MODALITY is defined as: PAST NEGATIVE, ‘can’t’ or ‘cannot have’ + ‘-ed’ to make deductions. It means that if we cannot have fired those torpedoes, someone else did. listen A search in iWeb: 1 CA N’T HAVE HELPED 61 The New York Times Emma Thompson Can’t Live Without Hannah Gadsby and
can’t have past participle Read More »
may have + PAST PARTICIPLE
In the English Grammar Profile, B2 point 163 MODALITY is defined as: ‘may’ in phrases such as ‘as you may know’, or ‘as you may have’ + ‘-ed’ to focus the reader on shared knowledge. This partly overlaps point 168 MODALITY and PAST AFFIRMATIVE of ‘may have’ + ‘-ed’ to talk about possibility in the
may have + PAST PARTICIPLE Read More »
would ( not ) have + PAST PARTICIPLE
B1 MODALITY imagined situations in the past
| PAST AFFIRMATIVE ‘would have’ + ‘-ed’
| PAST NEGATIVE ‘would not have’ + ‘-ed’ or ‘wouldn’t have’ + ‘-ed’
(English Grammar Profile)
would ( not ) have + PAST PARTICIPLE Read More »
MUST HAVE + past participle
In the English Grammar Profile, there are essentially the same two points in the category of Modality at B2 for the same form. Point 144 is defined as: DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: perfect form of ‘must’ to make deductions about the past. and point 166: PAST AFFIRMATIVE must have’ + ‘-ed’. For example: He had come such a long way, and his dream must have seemed so close that he could
MUST HAVE + past participle Read More »
ought to have + PAST PARTICIPLE
The structure ought to have + past participle is used to talk about things which were supposed to happen but did not, or to express regret or criticism. Here are some examples with the most common past participles: You ought to have known better than to trust him. He is a liar. She ought to have done her homework before
ought to have + PAST PARTICIPLE Read More »
will have + PAST PARTICIPLE (future perfect)
There are 5 formally related grammar points in the English Grammar Profile in the category of FUTURE/perfect simple with ‘will.’ Many of them overlap and at C1 they are very rare and hard to find in corpora. An example from the iWeb corpus of the future perfect form used for a polite assumption about the
will have + PAST PARTICIPLE (future perfect) Read More »
comparative non-finite clause
B2 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE + ‘THAN’ + NON-FINITE CLAUSE
‘than’ + an increasing range of non-finite clauses (to-infinitive, reduced clause) forming the second part of a comparison after a comparative adjective.
(ENGLISH GRAMMAR PROFILE)
comparative non-finite clause Read More »
After + having | being + PAST PARTICIPLE
An in-depth explanation of the grammar structure ‘after being pp’ and ‘after having pp’. ‘after’ is a preposition used before a complement ‘verb-ing’ clause. For example: “After being told these stories, I started thinking” and “I moved back to India after having spent six years in the US”. In the English Grammar Profile, this structure is defined as a non-finite subordinate clause with ‘after’ + ‘having/being’ + ‘-ed’ form, before a main clause, to refer to past time.
After + having | being + PAST PARTICIPLE Read More »
COULD HAVE + past participle
In the English Grammar Profile, C1 point 179 in MODALITY is defined as: ‘could have’ + ‘-ed’ form to express disapproval or criticism. True insights into usage are problematic, to say the least. Who knows what the person using language truly was intending to do with it? Disapproval or criticism vs speculation or regret is
COULD HAVE + past participle Read More »
If only + past perfect simple negative
How do you express regret?
If only + past perfect simple negative Read More »
Hardly had + inversion
If you want to express something that happened immediately before something else with a very rare expression… Hardly had * _vvn * when 1 HARDLY HAD HE SPOKEN, WHEN 4 Even when searching with 4 spaces to the right on iWeb we get less than 10 strings:
Hardly had + inversion Read More »
Inversion in clauses with conditions and formality
C1 | C2:
Had I known | Should you desire | Were I allowed + WOULD | COULD
Inversion in clauses with conditions and formality Read More »
present perfect progressive passive
One of the rarest C2 grammar structures is the present perfect continuous passive
present perfect progressive passive Read More »