caused – English Grammar Profiler

BE + past participle + BY phrase

A detailed analysis of the structure “BE + past participle + BY”, which is commonly used to form passive voice sentences in English. This structure consists of a form of the verb “to be”, a past participle, and the preposition “by”. The webpage also includes examples from the iWeb corpus, showcasing how this structure is used in various contexts. Some of the most common phrases include “BE USED BY”, “IS CAUSED BY”, and “IS DETERMINED BY”. The examples illustrate how this structure allows us to focus on the action and its impact, rather than on who or what performed the action.

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CAUSE + noun phrase + TO infinitive

B2, causative, infinitive, justify, reason, VERBS

The verb ’cause’ can be followed by a noun phrase and a to-infinitive to express the idea that the noun phrase is the reason why the to-infinitive action happens. For example:

The storm caused the power to go out.
The accident caused him to lose his job.
Her illness caused her to miss work.

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‘HAVE’ to have + PAST PARTICIPLE

C2, conclusion, deductions, MODALITY, obligation, PAST

Here’s an example of past modality:

You HAD TO HAVE KNOWN about the problem before you started driving.

Before the car broke down on the highway, I am sure you noticed something was wrong with the car.

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present perfect simple + ALREADY

ADVERBS, B1, emphasis, expectation, perfect, PRESENT, simple, time

In the English Grammar Profile, B1 point 22 in the category of PAST is defined as: present perfect simple with ‘already’ to emphasise that something is done, often before the expected time. FOR EXAMPLE: He is the most joyful person that I have ever met, and in just over a year, he has already made the world a better place. A search in iWeb for: _VHZ already _VVN 1 HAS ALREADY BEGUN 7505 2

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pronoun + passive voice + BY + noun phrase

A2, addition, B1, FOCUS, PASSIVES

In the English Grammar Profile, A2 point 2 in the category of PASSIVES : ‘BY’ to add information about something already known. B1 point 12 in the category of PASSIVES is defined as: passive with ‘by’ to give focus. All the A2 examples use the pronoun IT + is|was + past participle + by The one

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might (question)

C1, MODALITY, QUESTIONS

In the English Grammar Profile, C1 point 194 in MODALITY is defined as: ‘might’ QUESTIONS For example: How might you mark up the diagram to figure out what to do next? iWeb doesn’t allow us variable-length queries so the best we can do is: might _P * * * 1 MIGHT YOU BE ABLE TO 191 2 MIGHT IT BE POSSIBLE TO 132 3 MIGHT I BE

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if + PAST PERFECT + MODAL VERBS

C1, CLAUSES, conditional, imagine, MODALITY, PAST, perfect, regret, simple, subordinate

C1 point 112 in CLAUSES/conditional is defined as: Conditional subordinate clauses with ‘if’ + the past perfect simple and modal verb + ‘have’ + ‘-ed’ in the main clause, to talk about imagined situations in the past, often with regret. *Note the same definition with ‘would‘ is listed at B1! Basically, this means that for

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may have + PAST PARTICIPLE

B2, FOCUS, MODALITY, PAST, perfect, possibility, shared knowledge

In the English Grammar Profile, B2 point 163 MODALITY is defined as: ‘may’ in phrases such as ‘as you may know’, or ‘as you may have’ + ‘-ed’ to focus the reader on shared knowledge. This partly overlaps point 168 MODALITY and PAST AFFIRMATIVE of ‘may have’ + ‘-ed’ to talk about possibility in the

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will have + PAST PARTICIPLE (future perfect)

assumption, B2, C1, formal, FUTURE, NEGATIVE, perfect, polite, simple

There are 5 formally related grammar points in the English Grammar Profile in the category of FUTURE/perfect simple with ‘will.’ Many of them overlap and at C1 they are very rare and hard to find in corpora. An example from the iWeb corpus of the future perfect form used for a polite assumption about the

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